Antique Victorian late 19th or early 20th century hand turned oak monks cross?

Antique Victorian late 19th or early 20th century hand turned oak monks cross? Or crucifixion

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We believe this was originally made and used in a monastry by monks to pray by their bedside. It would have had a probably bronze figure of Christ (now unfortunately missing).

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An incredibly religious item ( could be used as a jewellery item - see pictures illustration only)

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Some age related wear

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26 cm tall

6 cm round at base

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The cross, a symbol of crucifixion in Roman times, became Christianity's central emblem after Emperor Constantine's conversion in the 4th century, evolving from a grim execution device into a sign of Christ's victory, sacrifice, and resurrection, initially depicted as triumphant and later as suffering, incorporating earlier pagan cross symbols but redefined by its new religious meaning.

Pre-Christian Origins

Ancient Symbols: Cross shapes (like the 'T' for Tammuz, or Greek/St. Andrew's crosses) appeared in ancient Egypt, Babylon, and Syria as pagan symbols for gods, life, and directions long before Christianity.

Crucifixion Method: The cross (or 'tree') was a brutal execution method used by Romans, associated with shame and death.

Early Christianity (1st-3rd Centuries)

Minor Symbol: The cross was a minor symbol, used discreetly, partly due to its brutal association.

"Wood of Life": Early Christians called it the "victorious cross" or "wood of life," focusing on resurrection and new life, not just suffering.

Mockery: Early Christians were mocked as "adorers of the gibbet" (crucis religiosi), showing awareness of the symbol.

Constantine & Christianization (4th Century)

Constantine's Vision: Emperor Constantine's vision (c. 312 AD) led him to adopt a cross-like symbol (Chi-Rho) for military victory, legalizing Christianity.

Imperial Adoption: The cross became widespread under imperial support, appearing on churches.

St. Helena: In the 4th century, Constantine's mother, Saint Helena, reportedly "discovered" the True Cross, increasing its veneration.

Medieval & Later Developments

Gemmed Cross (Crux Gemmata): Early medieval crosses were often gold, jeweled, and depicted Christ triumphant.

Realistic Crucifixion: From the 9th century, artists began showing Christ's realistic suffering (the Crucifixion).

Reformation: Martin Luther affirmed the cross as central ("The cross alone is our theology"), while some Calvinists rejected its use in worship.

Modern Significance

Symbol of Salvation: Today, the cross represents Christ's sacrifice, redemption, and the core of Christian faith, with various shapes (Latin, Greek, Celtic) holding specific meanings.